Democracy And Violent Civil Conflict - 1666 Words

Democracy and violent civil conflict Democracy is believed to have a pacifying power. With electoral processes, the rule of law and freedom from state oppression it makes sense that the populations has enough avenues to express grievances without resorting to full scale civil violence. Democracy beyond mutual democratic pacifism would thus have an impact on internal civil relations positively but this is not the case. There have been an increased number of cases of civil and ethnic violence in government systems that we might consider to be in stages of democratization. Evidence would seem to suggest that there are greater levels of violent civil conflict in these sort of regimes as opposed to full blown dictatorships or democracies. I†¦show more content†¦[4] Hypothesis. There are two major hypothesis in this paper i. Pseudo democracies have greater levels of civil violence than do democracies ii. Pseudo democracies have greater levels of civil violence than autocracies. Theory I argue that this could be as a result of a number of reasons, while an autocratic government might be able to use force to keep the population under tight control, a weak democracy with its relative political and civil freedoms is likely to bring strife as soon as institutions are not functional and transparent enough. Ethnic groups, religious groups or party faithful soon take to violence when the institutions in place is not trusted either due to incapacity or lack of transparency and since the citizens now have a voice and might not be exposed to the dangers of brutal crackdowns they soon are exposed to strife that soon become violent. This might be due to introduction of unpopular or controversial laws, dissatisfaction with government performance or suspicion of government’s actions. Competitive elections presents a whole new avenue for disagreement and where the representatives are disconnected from the electorate, they turn to violent conflict as a route to voice grieva nces with less fear of extreme crackdown by the government. The problem is that most often what would start as a peaceful demonstration explodes into an all-out riot with

Assa Free Essays

Ultimately all connected with one global system that generates many resources for everyone’s use. 3. As human activities and practices continue Nexus River, it was more off regional problem for the people living in the community. We will write a custom essay sample on Assa or any similar topic only for you Order Now Nutrients and other chemicals that are released into human resources and public areas affect the entire system and causes many changes. They had to spend money on resolving the problem of all of those dead fish and many researchers were Involved In figuring the problem out and reaching a solution. 2. Systems In this study focuses on Interactions among human systems and those that are found In nature. Basically Interacting components that Influence one another by exchanging energy or materials. For example, the Nexus River. We don’t study Isolated areas of smaller regions because environmental scientists are Interested In larger scale septets and problems, such as the global climate system. Smaller systems are part of larger systems and are ultimately all connected with one global system that generates many resources for everyone’s use. 3. As human satellites and practices continue to affect our environment and world, we see that these interdisciplinary principles both aid scientists and somewhat cause problems. These principles show us many ways in which we are effecting the world, what factors we are changing. But also with all of these principles, this study gets very large and broad, and soon becomes a huge study. Many conflicts probably occur and even though there might be controversy between one law and the other, they are all needed in this study. How to cite Assa, Papers

Principles of Management for Non Business-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Principles of Management for Non Business. Answer: Introduction to MayBank Maybank is one of the largest bank of Malaysia by total capital assets as well as capitalization. It is ranked 95th in the list of top 1000 world bank among the bankers in 2015. Moreover, it is ranked 362 among Forbes Global 2000 Leading Companies. It can be said that Maybank is one of the largest public sector bank that is listed on Bursa Malaysia and the Malaysian stock market. The bank has an international network of 2400 branches and it has more than 20 offices in more than 20 countries. The main aim of the company is to humanize the financial services by having a proper pricing and other fair policies, advising the customers on the basis of their needs and experiences, providing people with better access to financial services and helping the people of the community. The vision of the company is to help in the advancement of the Asian countries. The new logo of the bank represented the refreshed corporate identity of the bank and thus it indicates that people must be considered c lose to their heart. It also indicated that a noble and majestic rendition of the tiger will help to demonstrate the leadership and strength of the bank in the entire region. The bank operates corporate banking as well as business banking and it has more than 2500 automated teller machines in different countries (Maybank, 2018). In 1990, Maybank has taken advantage of the new Malaysian offshore banking Act that has been passed in that particular year and this will help to set the new operation processes. The company has also tried to set up a series of new subsidiaries and this included Maybank International Ltd. that offers personalized as well as confidential banking services in different countries. The bank has also tried to develop its insurance market and thus launched the Maybank General Assurance Bhd. In the later half of 1990s, it began to give better effort for increasing its presence in other Southeast Asian regions. It has set up its subsidiaries in different countries and thus opened new branches in different locations. Maybank has captured a small market during that that period and there are three branch offices in different states. It has also entered Philippines in 1997 after the government of Philippines has passed the legislation act allowing the foreign banks to capture or gain majority pow er in the organization. There were mergers with different banks and thus this has allowed Maybank to maintain its position with the other top banking group. It can be said that Maybank is considered to be the first bank that has entered the Chinese mainland and thus open up their branch respectively in Shanghai. In the later half of 2000, it has laid out a strategy to establish the bank to be one of the leading player in the ASEAN market (Maybank, 2018). This has also allowed the bank to enter into other markets and thus break the regional economic barrier of these country. Moreover, Maybank is also trying to enter into other areas of financial services with the setup of Mayban Takaful Bhd. This paper will highlight the organizational structure of Maybank and it will also discuss the organization, planning, leading and controlling that will help in the contribution and development of Maybank. Further, recommendations are also provided on how the management will try to improve the growth of the company. Explanation of the organizational structure Fig-Organization structure of Maybank Source-www.maybank.com The corporate structure of the bank is divided into commercial banking, insurance, investment banking, asset management and other management services. In the commercial banking section, the Islamic bank was successful in the entire management. MaybankInternational Limited and MCB Limited was successful in these areas. They were managed by the board of directors and the CEO at different levels of organizational hierarchy. The insurance sector and the investment banking sector were also managed by the CEO of the company and each branch had different officers and chief officers who were associated with the charge of taking care of different departments. The head of the group for financial services is responsible for the growth, strategy as well as the performance of the CPS which covers business banking, SME segments, consumers as well as the value of shared sales of the organization. The head of the global banking service is also responsible for the growth and performance of the global banking system (Mahdzan, Mohd-Any Hamzah,2017). The chief strategy officer is also responsible for execution and management of the finance across the bank. Under the corporate secretary as well as the legal, compliance and Director General, there are several sub divisions such as strategic planning, internal auditor, corporate communication as well as community distribution. On the other hand, there are several sub divisions under the director and the risk management division such as the operational risk and business continuity, credit review management, retail credit policies as well as portfolio and traded as well as non-traded risk. On the other hand, under the global banking and the director associated under this bank, transaction banking, local multinationals as well as corporate and multinational banking. Moreover, the financial supply chain management and the international strategic business, special assessment and business banking quality are included under business bankin g (Jie, et al., 2016). Explanation on how planning, organizing, leading as well as controlling (PLOC) contributes to the success/ failure of Maybank. The primary challenge faced by the manager of every organization is to solve the problems in a creative way. It can be said that PLOC model will be beneficial in classifying the different activities carried out by the manager and it is considered as an useful way to achieve the organizational goals. Planning is considered the main function of the management and it involves setting out proper objectives and determining the ultimate course of action for their achievement of these objectives. The managers must be aware of the different environmental conditions that are faced by the organization and it will help in forecasting the future conditions. Therefore, it is important for the managers to be better decision makers. The process of planning involves several steps and this process starts with environmental scanning. The planners must be aware of the different types of critical contingencies that are faced by MayBank in terms of different economic conditions, customers as well as the competitors (Kadri, 2016). It is also vital for the planners to depict the future of the organization. The planners must be able to establish the objectives and therefore proper statements must be delivered to the customers. It is also vital to identify the course of action for achieving the different objectives. The planners must try to evaluate the best course of action for achieving the different objectives. It is important to formulate the different steps and to ensure that these steps are effectively implemented in a better way. There are different types of planning process such as strategic planning, tactical planning and operational planning (Hong, Cheong Rizal,2016). Strategic planning involves analyzing the different opportunities as well as strength and weakness of the organization. It will help in the determination of how the positions in the organization can be compared effectively in the environment. In tactical planning, planning takes place for one to three years and it is designed to develop the concepts in a better way and to implement the plan accordingly. It can be said that the middle level managers of Maybank are involved in these tactical process of planning. The operational planning process will assume the existence of Maybank or the organizational goals and objectives so that is becomes easier to achieve them. The process of operational planning is considered to be short ranged and it is designed in such away so that specific steps and actions are to be taken to design them in a proper way (De Jesus Torres,2017). It can be said that organizing is also an important function of management and it helps in the development organizational structure and allocation of human resources to ensure the fulfillment of objectives. The structure of Maybank can be considered as the framework within which various efforts will be co-ordinated in a better way. These structure is represented with the help of an organizational chart and thus it provides a graphic representation of the various commands within the organization (Mohamad, 2015). Moreover, it can be said that different decisions about the structure of the organization are generally referred to as organizational design. It can also be said that organizing involves the process of designing the job roles of the individuals and thus this will help to cluster in a much better way compared to other departments. There are different layers in the organizational hierarchy of Maybank and they use different methods of departmentalization. Different job designs ar e based on the principles of division of labour and it is assumed that the more narrower the job content, the more proficient will be the individuals in performing their job (Krishanan, KhinTeng, 2015). In the process of leading, the various formal as well as informal structures will help in the inspiration of the actions that are taken by others. The managers are considered to be the effective leaders and thus their sub-ordinates will be enthusiastic about the efforts to attain the different objectives and goals of the organization. There are certain behavioural science that helps to predict that it is important to understand the different functions of the managerial process. The various studies associated with job as well as the research process based on personality indicates the effectiveness of the managers and how they will lead the sub-ordinates. It is important to understand how effective the managers as well as the other sub-ordinates will be effective in handling the responsibilities. This will be effective if the managers understands the personalities of the individuals, values, emotions and their attitudes. The different theories of motivation will help the workers to put forward the different productive efforts in the organization (MohdThasThaker et al., 2016). The different process of controlling will also ensure that performance will not deviate from the different standards in the organization. There are certain steps where it is important to compare the actual performance against the different standards in the organization. Moreover, measuring the performance standards as well as taking better and corrective actions are important in the organization. The function associated with the role of the managers is associated with the work related activities in the organization. It is important for effective control as well as the for the existence of different plans in the organization and therefore proper planning is necessary to incorporate the changes in the organization. Generally there are two traditional methods of cost control in the organization and these are associated with the budget as well as performance audits in different organization. Similar is the situation in case of Maybank. It is important for a proper budget audit and thus t his will be beneficial in the provision of information in respect to the needs of the organization. On the other hand, the performance audit will also help the managers of the Maybank to determine the actual figures which are considered as a part of reflection in the organization. It can be said that these budget control methods are considered in terms of different financial criterias as well as it is the responsibility and duty of the managers to control the operational as well as production process associated with these changes. It can be said that the different functions of management associated with leading, planning, controlling are considered as the most important role of managers. There has been tremendous changes in the environment that are faced by the managers to perform well in the organization (Ariff, 2017). Problems faced by Maybank Maybankhas also faced several challenges in managing human capital and thus it has become important to prepare their employees to fulfill the key roles of the organization and to carry out their job in a responsible way. The bank is trying to build a pipeline pool and this will range from the entry level staff to the higher level managers who are involved in the organization. The employees must also be ready with a higher level of capability in different branches of the bank. The employees must be ready with different levels of capability processes that are crucial in different regions. It is also vital for the multiple support programmes to help the employees to ensure the customer as well as the operational process in the organization.Maybank has also faced problem in digital journey as thus it has become difficult to integrate seamlessly in the new technological system and thus impact the bottom line process in the organization (Siew, Fai Hoe, 2017). The employees are not satisfied with the wages and the performance bonus payed by Maybank. The employees who has been working for a long period of time feel that they are unimportant and therefore go on indefinite strike. This forces them to demand for higher wages and salaries and thus there chaos between the employees and the banking organization. Thus, this issue plays an important role and it needs to get resolved within a proper span of time. Moreover, the formation of multiple union has also led to chaos among the internal functioning of the bank. This is due to the inefficiency of the employees to work smoothly within the organization. The relationship between the employee-employer would be affected to a huge extent because of this problem (Tan, Hamid Chew,2016). Recommendation on how the management of Maybank can improve the growth of the company The management must try to focus on building the capability level that is to be considered from the perspective of talent management as well as the core banking principles in the organization. Various progarmmes associated with improvement of culture as well as raising the effectiveness of the employees are also crucial in the development of the organization. It is vital for the enhancement of different components that are received by the staff and thus it helps in the execution process in the organization. The implementation of the pay level policies and the launch of different employee share scheme are considered to be the long term component in the pay mix of the reward policy in the organization. Although these processes are considered to be much extensive, it is important for the managers to help in improvement of the productivity processes as well as managing the capability in the organization. The customers must also be given access to Maybank online banking services and they must also offer better services. It is vital to train the employees on different questions associated with online banking and thus help them to get a clearer idea of the banking norms and facilities. The bank must also try to create different advertisement processes in this case and thus keep the customers attracted. Maybank is also trying to create a people focused approach in the technological deployment and thus this does not help in merely satisfying the customers. There are some important factors that helps in the process of deployment as well as between end-to-end integration in the different processes in the organization. In terms of process designing, it can be said that it is vital to collaborate and employ the right people with the right set of skills in the organization. Maybank has established the central pillar behind the process of digital innovation and it considers the different types of technological processes that needs to be deployed in these case. Maybank is conscious about the different technological processes and it considers these process as obsolete and thus it needs further changes in the organization. The bank must also try to integrate the different processes of integration that will help to support the different technologic al processes as well as ensure that it is in accordance with the different organizational goals. There must also be seamless integration in the process and establish the different process of growth in the organization (Yunus, KamaruddinEmbong, 2017). Conclusion Therefore, it can be said that the process of online banking in Maybank is considered to be one of the easiest way in the banking operational process as well as it saves the time as well as the effort of the people who are involved in working with the organization. This also layed an impact on the banking structure and thus it affected the business of the companies as well as facilitated the transaction process of the organization. The transformation of the IT processes has helped in aggressive as well as progressive changes of Maybank. Moreover, the data mining process also needs to be considered and addressed accordingly. There must be high level of appreciation process and this is considered to be a growing portion in the workforce level in terms of sales as well as services in the organization. References Ariff, M. (2017). Islamic Banking in Malaysia: The Changing Landscape.Institutions and Economies, 1-13. De Jesus, F. L. B., Torres, E. A. (2017). Analysis of the ASEAN Banking Integration Framework: the Philippines as a looking glass for consumer preference.Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research,7(1), 24. Hong, T. L., Cheong, C. B., Rizal, H. S. (2016). Service Innovation in Malaysian Banking Industry towards Sustainable Competitive Advantage through Environmentally and Socially Practices.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,224, 52-59. Jie, C. T., Yin, L. S., Nadarajan, P., Ramayah, P. (2016). A REVIEW OF REPUTATION FACETS OF SELECTED PUBLIC-LISTED COMPANIES IN MALAYSIA BASED ON REPTRAK MODEL.Journal of Human Capital Development (JHCD),9(2), 1-20. Kadri, M. H. (2016). Islamic Financial Reporting: Evidence From Malaysia. Krishanan, D., Khin, A. A., Teng, K. L. L. (2015). Attitude towards using mobile banking in Malaysia: a conceptual framework.methods,11, 12. Mahdzan, N. S., Mohd-Any, A. A., Hamzah, Z. L. (2017). Case Study 1: Co-creating Value with Online Banking Services: The Case of Maybank. InServices Marketing Cases in Emerging Markets(pp. 5-16). Springer, Cham. Maybank. (2018).maybank.com. Retrieved 6 February 2018, from https://www.maybank.com/MaybankAR16/#/home Maybank. (2018).maybank2u.com. Retrieved 6 February 2018, from https://www.maybank2u.com.my/ Mohamad, N. E. A. B. (2015). The Performance of Shariah Real Estate Investment Trust and Conventional Real Estate Investment Trust in Malaysia.Indonesian Capital Market Review, 1-11. MohdThasThaker, M. A. B., Mohammed, M. O., Duasa, J., Abdullah, M. A. (2016). Developing cash waqf model as an alternative source of financing for micro enterprises in Malaysia.Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research,7(4), 254-267. Siew, L. W., Fai, L. K., Hoe, L. W. (2017). An Empirical Investigation on the Efficiency of the Financial Companies in Malaysia with DEA Model.American Journal of Information Science and Computer Engineering,3(3), 32-38. Tan, L. H., Hamid, S. R., Chew, B. C. (2016). Service quality audit based on conceptual gaps model of service quality: a case study of top three largest local bank in Malaysia.International Journal of Productivity and Quality Management,18(1), 99-115. Yunus, S. M., Kamaruddin, Z., Embong, R. (2017). Towards Banking Jurisprudence: Understanding Islamic Banking Products in Malaysia.International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences,7(8), 215-228.

Rap And Violence Essays - African-American Culture,

Rap And Violence Since the late 1980's rap music has been called the Anti Christ in our culture, because of it's so-called influence in people's life. People swear up and down that the music is why people, specially the youth resort to violent crimes. I think by saying this they are trying to cover up the real truth by giving simple answers. Rap is defined as a style of popular music consisting of improvised rhymes performed to a rhythmic accompaniment. The first rap song was made in the late 70's, the songs were seven to eight minutes long and was mostly used in small clubs to dance to. It didn't really become popular until the early 80's. Over the years it has become mainstream music, everyone is listening to it. In the last four years rap made up 60% of music bought in stores in the United States. In 1989 a local group called N.W.A.(Niggaz Wit Attitudes) came from out of L.A. and changed rap, which was the start of Gangsta Rap. In their lyrics they talked about crime, street violence and killing. Once they were a huge hit, it caught on, and really that's when all this madness started. Everyone started rapping Gangsta style. More and more people started rapping about police brutality and killing people and with that crime rose to high levels. In my opinion it's not the artists or the record company's fault that crime rose. It's not their responsibility to look after every person who listens to their music. In all these years of rap though there are three people who took the most criticism from the public. Dr. Dre was one, after N.W.A. broke up he went on to do his own thing, and after he released "The Chronic" he became a star. He took rap to a higher level where it never been before and I think that scared a lot of people. He was rapping about drive by's, having sex with hundreds of women, drinking alcohol all day and so on. By this time the crime rate was sky high and a lot of people where looking for easy answers. It was mostly those few who just didn't like rap from the start that spoke out and tried to ban it. Most rappers loved the style Dr. Dre created, and so they tried to take the style and create something of their own. Along with Dr. Dre he helped a rising star Snoop Doggy Dog to become a big star by guest staring on his "The Chronic" album. Snoop released "Doggy Style" and it was a hit. His style similar to Dr. Dre made it a hit. It was his best-selling album to date. Congress tried every way they could to keep youth from listening to this music because they felt it was making them commit crimes. Snoop was charged not to long after his release for murder which he soon was found not guilty. They made a label for CD's and tapes that said "Parental Advisory Explicit Lyrics" which actually in my opinion didn't do too much. This way parents could be aware of the type of music their kids listen to and could choose if they would like to allow them to listen to it. If you sit down and think about it, when you buy a CD you by it because you want to listen to it, you don't really pay attention to that little label. Besides you see little kids no older then 11 walking around listening to Lil' Kim, Tupac, and all other rap artists cussing up a storm . . . what's with that? Why didn't the parents say anything about that, they have control over their children, yet critics and congress blame the rappers. The third man to take the most heat and who still continues to is Tupac Shakur. They say he was the best rapper alive and the most successful which I also believe is true. He has been in trouble with the law and public since his first album to even now after his death. He was arrested for numerous charges such as battery, attempted murder, and rape. In 1994 two 17-year-olds shot some police officers and said they did because they heard it in Tupac's music. Critics blamed him from the start with his to raunchy lyrics. Why blame him he didn't tell them to go shoot police officers? For the past three years, C. Delores Tucker has been talking and protesting rap lyrics

Read Graphic Novel And Answer 2 Questions Example

Read Graphic Novel And Answer 2 Questions Example Read Graphic Novel And Answer 2 Questions – Coursework Example Answers to the 2 questions Marji’s parents decided to send their daughter away from the current Iran political turmoil as they realized that the situation will cause a negative impact on their daughter. Marji was a patriotic and determined young-girl, and she has been aspiring to see justice prevail in her homeland but her ambition was susceptible to in causing her problem. Marji’s patriotic heart made her to be perceived as a rebellious girl in school. One day, Marji confronted with one of the teachers after speaking the truth that led her into trouble with the school. â€Å"You say that we don’t have political prisoners anymore, but we’ve gone from 3000 prisoners under the Shah to 300000 under your regime† (Persepolis p.144).After this incident Marji’s parent felt that Iran was no longer a safe place for their daughter,and because they valued education, they validated Marji to leave to Australia to enable her learn without restriction. â₠¬Å"trust[s] your education† (Persepolis p. 147).The novel end in giving us a vibrant reason on why children eventually break ties with those who raise them, and move to live their life. Marji breaks from her family and from her Iran culture that raised her hence fashioning her identity that enable her to grow into her own self.â€Å"Western† is used in Persepolis to reveal the existing stereotype that western Hemisphere specifically Europe and the U.S. have toward Iran. The author in her book had tried to elucidate how westernized Iranian was; Marji did this with a strong ambition of convincing western people to stop stereotyping Iranian culture. "Stereotypes of the Islamic Republic as oppressive and backward against the Western conviction over its own progressive liberalism" (Persepolis p.224).Marji dresses in western-style jeans hence assisting the author to contrast the Eastern and Waster culture to help people to grasp how westernized Iranian culture is. â€Å"I re ally didn’t know what to think about the veil. Deep down I was very religious but as a family we were very modern and avant-garde.† (6). Marji was stuck between the two antagonistic worlds. One side Marji dressed in western-style cloth, and she felt contented with, while on the other side she dresses in a veil which although she hates at one point she saw the veil as beautiful. The author at the end of her book she drew a significant picture that there is a high possibility for bridging the predominant cultural difference between the Western and Eastern people.Satrapi, Marjane. Persepolis. New York, NY: Pantheon Books,  2003. Print.

Alcoholic Anonymous

Alcoholic Anonymous has the implication of a fellowship whose membership is composed of both men as well as women sharing a common experience, their potential strength as well as hope amongst themselves, in an anticipation of resolving a problem of recovery or retreat from alcoholism to which they are addicted. To fulfill the requirements for membership into the group, no financial contribution is required since the group is self supporting and sustained through the contributions that they make amongst themselves. The only requirement of a potential member is a history of addiction to alcohol and a strong desire to quit the drinking habit. The fellowship is not part of a particular sect, political group, institution, sect or any organization and avoids any form of involvement in controversial issues as well as the expression of the endorsement or the opposition of any cause. The main objective underlying the existence of the group is to lead a life of soberness as well as making efforts of assistance to other alcoholics interested in a life of soberness (Allen, 2000). It was not until I visited the meeting organized by AA that I discovered the potentials underlying our ability to quit alcoholism. By visiting club 24 which accommodates around 400 members with sits arranged strategically to face the story teller, the first sign of welcome is coffee as well as several other snacks meant for self service, as one reads the posters displayed on the wall advocating against smoking, vanity language as well as a highlight of the 12 steps that are essential to follow in the process of quitting alcoholism. The atmosphere outside is even more encouraging to meet the purposes of the meeting since there is a presence of a residential house for a family, a shopping centre, a school of an elementary level beautiful streets with buses of MBTA in operation, all serving the purpose of planting a negative altitude towards drinking especially after attending the meeting, since there is no bar around Initially there is a sense of nervousness anxiety and lack of confidence as one thinks that the alcoholic weaknesses inherent in a new member are noticeable, but with the progress in the meeting a sense of self confidence is cultivated. The entire group is very cohesive and ready to cooperate in sharing ideas about past experience in alcoholism. From the knowledge gained, redemption from alcoholism requires psychological curative measures. Most of the members had dented faces that indicate the agony underwent in their previous drinking habits to which they regret. In the group every member is a contributor of ideas and there is no bigger person than the other. For the purpose of comprehensive circulation of ideas members are organized in subgroups whose contribution is later shared among the entire group. The group meetings usually precede the entire meeting by the whole group.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The highly noticeable issues in the meeting were the effects of alcoholism addiction including depression , degradation of the self worth of the individual, thinking as well as attempting to commit suicide   interdiction from the workplace leading to a breakdown of the family loss of family members through road accidents resulting from drunk driving, incidences of divorce as well as custodial sentences due to acts committed under the influence of alcohol, among many other undesirable actions as well as incidences. The importance of the existence of the fellowship and the main of the meetings that are held is for the purposes of ending the stigma that an individual is a real alcoholic and the mental as well as the body resemblance to other individuals. This situation is the basis of a drinking career bearing the characteristics of countless attempts but all in vain aimed at the justification of our potential drinking ability that is similar to that of others. For each existing abnormal drinker, there exists a great obsession idea about a day in the future that a control of the drinking habit will be achieved to the capacity of enjoying drinking (Johnson Chappel, 2004).   The meetings are responsible for the full concession of the fact of alcoholism as well as addiction to the deepest self of the individual as an important and primary step towards the process of recovery. At the same time the individual learns about the difference that is in existence in relation to other people. All the alcoholics, both men as well as women usually their potential ability for the control of the drinking behavior and majority of the real alcoholics seldom recover the actual control. The alcoholics at times develop a feeling that recovery is on their way, and a sense of control has been regained. However this situation are usually brief intervals that are latter followed by much less degree of control, a situation that makes the individual to express a sense of pity upon oneself as well as being demoralized to an incomprehensible degree. This leads to the notion that alcoholism status may progressively lead to the illness of the individual. The situation progresses towards the worse and never retreats to better (Bell, Montoya Dayton, 2006). Alcoholics resembles men whose legs have been chopped of which regrowth is an impossibility, just as a particular kind of treatment is never forthcoming. The experimental treatment though to reverse alcoholics and make them resemble the ordinally man with regard to the available approaches have not been fruitful. Some of the remedies that are imagined to work has brought temporary recovery that is later overtaken by a worse relapse. It is the belief of the expert physicians that the addicted alcoholics cannot find a way out of the addiction irrespective of whatever kind of a physical treatment. It is only science that is thought to posses the potential for this liberation although no step has so far been made towards the achievement of the objective (Johnson Chappel, 2004). The unfortunate thing about the deep alcoholics is their tendency to deny that they are actually deeply sunk in this class, and only makes the efforts of exempting themselves through self deception as well as experimentation and therefore labeling themselves non- alcoholic. If for heavenly sake an addicted alcoholic can adopt the right way of drinking in a gentleman way, the blame would be off the individual. For the purpose of the redemption from alcoholism, addicted alcoholics experiment on a variety of techniques. The commonly practiced ones include; drinking one brand of beer only, consumption of limited amount of drink, drinking in a company, avoiding early drinking, restricting drinking at home, absence of a drink inside the house, abstinence of drinking during the hours of active business, drinking only for the reason of an occasion, consumption of natural wine only, among so many others Conclusion It was evident from the facts arising in the meeting that majority of the alcoholics have suffers depression leading to attempts of suicide. Others had to use other drugs such as cocaine while others financed heavily some programs aimed at redemption from addiction. The successful redemption from this condition is a result of self worth as well as self esteem the contribution of AA is of immense to the society for its role in the act of cleansing the people who have lost they worth and esteem, a condition that may lead to the death of the individual. The families that were torn apart due to alcoholism cherish the contribution of AA for the restoration of glory in their homes. The contribution of AA reveals the medical as well as the non medical cure for alcoholism. References Allen, J. P. (2000). Measurement of the treatment process in Alcoholics   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Anonymous.   Stanford:   Stanford Univ. Press. Bell, C., Montoya, I. D., Dayton, C. A. (2006). The motivation towards treatment   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   of drug abuse. CA: Mt. View Press. Johnson, N. P., Chappel, J. N. (2004). Using Alcoholic Anonymous more   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   effectively. New York: Prager Publishers

Expert and pedagogical content knowledge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Expert and pedagogical content knowledge - Essay Example One may gather this kind of knowledge through a training specific to that field through the assimilation of intense theoretical and practical assessment and methods. Pedagogical content knowledge was described by Shulman (1987a) as the combination of content and pedagogy into the comprehension of how certain topics, issues, or problems are structured, characterized and modified to the varied concerns and abilities of learners for instruction. This is the knowledge on how to teach the subject matter to beginners. Example of pedagogical content knowledge is the information on organizational framework that may serve as effective aid for individuals who want to learn the basics of organizational psychology. Basically, both expert and pedagogical knowledge is important in teaching. Without expert knowledge, the instructor would not have a strong foundation and would have low credibility for teaching a specific field. If he doesn't have the knowledge to teach the subject matter then, it would not also be effective. There had been a shift on the focus of learning from the teacher to the student (Angelo, 1997). Another distinction made was that teacher-centered mode of instruction is more content-driven while learner-centered instruction is learning process-driven (Cuseo, n.d.). Santrock (2003) came up with the principles of learner-centered instruction. One of his principles was goals of learning. He explains that goal setting helps student learning. This is in connection to motivation which can come from external factors such as the teachers and the environment and could also come from the person himself with his realization of important matters. Both of these will lead to the formation of a goal. When I was in the fourth grade, I was beginning to be aware of some of my classmates' academic excellence. I just thought of striving to make it to the honors list in order to know the feeling of being there. That was also when I got my first set of encyclopedia. I studied everyday reading every page of the encyclopedia. I was determined to perfect my tests and was actively participating in class. I became recognized in class and gained attention from my teachers. This started my participation in other extra-curricular activities. I got what I wanted and made it to the honors list. I became a consistent honor student until high school. That became my foundation and the experience itself acts as my present motivation. Using technology in the educational environment Classroom instruction has become easier and more efficient with the advent of technology. Present modes of teaching have utilized technology for audio and visual enhancement. For the visual aspect, instructors have used over-head projectors in the past and at present power point presentations are the most commonly used. Studies show that verbal instruction coupled with visual presentation yields more positive learning results as compared to receiving verbal instructions alone. This mode of presentation enables the instructor to prepare for the lecture in advance. This can also increase attention rates of students because of clear and organized lectures. These presentations can also be transferred, printed and uploaded to the internet so that the information can be

Internet and Mobile Phones Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Internet and Mobile Phones - Essay Example A research conducted by Pew Internet anticipated that the vast majority on the planet will access the Internet through cell phones by 2020. New interpersonal interaction administrations for cellular telephones have been produced which will likely allow individuals to make, create, and reinforce social ties. Much like social networks on the Internet, cell phones give clients an alternate stage to interact with a number of people. Interpersonal interaction services for cell phones regularly depend on clients imparting their area and other individual data with companions and different clients using these services. Hence inquiries emerge regarding the manner in which these mobile users manage expectations, standards, and understand issues of privacy and surveillance when diffusing personal information on the Internet (Anderson, &Rainie, 2008). This is a survey on people’s perception of privacy and private information in the use of new technology. Privacy and Surveillance Focusing on the nature of online interpersonal interaction and related Web 2.0 administrations and applications, a customary and rather contrary origination of surveillance appear. Reconnaissance is connected with privacy intrusion, snooping, or spying and it is a pervasive view that everything identified with it ought to be avoided. This is in accordance with well-known frameworks, for example, Panopticon and Big Brother. The increased advancement in data engineering recognizes numerous issues with respect to security and surveillance.

Charles Dickens Diary for Writing Great Expectations Essay Example for Free

Charles Dickens Diary for Writing Great Expectations Essay I cannot but thoroughly criticize the lackadaisical social and moral abuses in this country. The will to take action has urged me to write Great Expectations in order to assail the abominable conditions that exist in England. In this novel, my dear characters are idealized in order to heavily contrast with the ugly social truths that I reveal. For it is fully my intent to raise the awareness of these corrupting and unjust conditions that we so nonchalantly live with. Oh what a pity! A grief indeed, that the once innocuous and simple Pip may be transformed into the snobbish and opinionated character he becomes. For what was the reason for Pip’s unexpected transformation? Of course, it is naught but the social-class division that feeds the desire of selfish ambition. Here in England, the social-class determines how a person is treated and his access to education. This most discriminatory attitude is displayed when the otherwise indifferent tailor servilely attends to Pip after hearing of his fortune despite turning a cold shoulder to him earlier. Is money enough to turn a man into a mouse? Why is it that charisma does not command respect but pounds and shillings? After attaining a vast amount of wealth, Pip even begins to treat his closest friend and protector, Joe, with a superior air. Was Joe not plenty a’ gentle and fair to Pip? Had Joe been an inadequate friend? Absolutely not, twas’ being Pip now belonged to a higher social class. Not only does social standing determine how one was treated daily, but also played an unfair and villainous part in court reasoning in our society. In the case of the two convicts, the main perpetrator, a gentlemen, stated in his defense speech â€Å"..here you has afore you, side by side, two persons as your eyes can separate wide; one, the younger, well brought up one; the elder, ill brought up which is the worst one? The most incredulous and vile aspect is not the use of an ad hominem, but the court promptly basing the entire decision of the trial strictly on this statement regarding social appearance. I assure you, this is not uncommon at all in this country. Trials and disputes are unfairly biased and integrity comes arm in arm with class and money rather than logic and proof. Ah! Though it is true that social class plays an enormous role in everyone’s lives, it all but affects one’s character. One’s character is still left intact despite the obstructive society divide. An honest but poor man today shall unquestionably hold more truth than a sly rich man. Alas’, sadly this is far from the case today. The secondary reason that had prompted me to write this novel was the physical condition of London. Being a local resident of London, I bore firsthand witness to the effects of industrialization. At the cost of clean air and green living space, London transformed into a merchant city full of jobs and people. O how I do miss the crisp clean fields of the countryside. This sentimentality was the reason that provoked me to write about the descriptive settings and bustling activities within the city. Not to mention the crowded condition people lived in, primitive sewage and poor working conditions. As a result, I am not particularly fond of aristocrats and express this through my characters. Through them, I expose the malignant social norms such as Magistrates courts and the social divide. As well, my reminiscent memories of familiar settings and my want to explore the conditions in the city have compelled me to write this novel. The end product cannot help but evoke a sense of awareness and social conscientiousness from the reader.

Free Great Gatsby Essays: Social Attitudes :: Great Gatsby Essays

Social Attitudes Represented in The Great Gatsby Fitzgerald  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This novel is in general about middle and upper class American citizens and their lives a few years after the first world war had concluded.   The author, a World War I veteran himself, shows insight into the lives and minds of American soldiers who fought in Europe during the conflict and the interesting experiences some may have had in the years following their return.   Through written conversation, the novel deals with many of the social attitudes and ideas that prevailed during the early 20's.   Historical facts are cleverly infused into the body of the novel that gives the reader an authentic and classic impression of the story.   A clear view of the discrimination that existed in that time period against non-whites and women was evident by the time the conclusion of the book was reached.   For instance, a conversation takes place between characters in the novel in which civilization is said to be going to pieces as a result of "The Rise of the Coloured Empires".   Women are also constantly referred to as "girls".   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Also incorporated, was an interesting but sometimes uneventful sub-plot of a man's extreme love for a woman and the catastrophic events that take place as a result.   This was indicative of many people of the day who had a spouse but also maintained a relationship outside of the marrage.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The plot centres on a fictional World War I army veteran named Nick Carraway.   After his involvement in the war on the allied side with a machine gun battalion, he returned to his home in Chicago. With no clear direction of what he wanted to do with his life, he decided to move to New York to enter into the business of selling bonds.   He settled down on an area of Long Island called West Egg, directly beside a more fashionable area of Long Island called West Egg.   Across from him lived a rich man named Jay Gatsby who also was a World War I vet.   Not far away lived a married couple Daisy and Tom Buchanan which he knew relatively well.   It was at their residence that he met a woman, Jordan Baker, who was to become his good friend and later his girl friend.   Carraway soon became a good friend with his rich neighbour next door, Gatsby, and soon was exposed to many rumours about this man which caused him to question his relationship with him.

Hiv And Aids In Africa Health And Social Care Essay

While there is no remedy, drug interventions can widen the lives of people with AIDS. It can be prevented by a committedness to poverty decrease, betterments in instruction, health care, nutrition and sanitation. AIDS is treatable and preventable and is under control in developed counties, but non in Africa.Background on AfricaMany of us know that Africa is a hapless, hungering state, but non much more. The legion states of Africa have been inundated with war for old ages which has left it extremely hapless. In fact, the one-year income is $ 400 – $ 700. It is out of the inquiry for a individual to be able to afford intervention. The bigger issue seen by the African authorities is famishment and has been the overpowering job long earlier AIDS appeared. Therefore AIDS instruction is non ranked high on their precedence list. It is estimated that bar plans reach less than one in five of those who need them ( Kaiser Foundation ) . Increasing demand for wellness attention services is overpowering. At the same clip, they are losing big Numberss of wellness attention workers to AIDS. In some African states, it is estimated that AIDS causes up to one half of all deceases among employees in the public wellness sector, . ( Kaiser Foundation ) . The African civilization besides plays a function in doing the war on HIV more hard. â€Å" Multiple sex spouses are expected as portion of cultural look, † ( Cichocki, 2007 ) , which increases transmittal because the parties are incognizant they are HIV infected.Summary on AIDSAIDS is an infection that is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) , which destroys the organic structure ‘s immune system. AIDS can be acquired in a batch of different ways and finally leads to decease. A few of the ways are being injected with used acerate leafs, infected blood transfusions, unprotected sex, and contact with a individual ‘s blood who has AIDS. In add-on, a female parent can infect her babe while pregnant, during bringing through contact with female parent ‘s blood or organic structure fluids, and after birth through chest eating. All of the literature points to the Sub-Saharan in Africa as being the most devastated by the disease with â€Å" more than 75 % of deceases were AIDS related in 2007, † ( Africa Action ) . The impact on adult females is even higher. â€Å" Women represent more than half ( 59 % ) of all grownups populating with HIV/AIDS, † ( Kaiser Foundation ) . This is in portion because of the cultural outlooks of multiple sex spouses and their low socioeconomic position. â€Å" A study from the United Nations says that AIDS will kill half of all 15 twelvemonth olds in Zimbabwe, Botswana, and South Africa by 2012 if something is non done shortly, † ( Cichocki, 2007 ) . Some of the literature estimates that in twenty old ages the population in countries of Africa could diminish by half. The impact on life anticipation is change by reversaling the additions made during the last century. â€Å" By 2010, life anticipations in several highly-affected states could drop to below 40 old ages, good below what they would hold been without HIV/AIDS and even below degrees they had reached in the pre-AIDS epoch, † ( Kaiser Foundation ) .Impact of AIDSAdvantages of chest eating in destitute states, such as Africa, are significant. However, these advantages must be balanced against the hazard of go throughing HIV to the babes through chest milk if the female parents have the virus ; unluckily the bulk of female parents do n't cognize that they are infected. In some countries of Africa, more than 30 per centum of female parents have HIV. If an HIV positive adult female takes no preventive drugs and breastfeeds so the opportunity of her babe going infected is around 20-45 % . Modern drugs are extremely effectual at forestalling HIV transmittal during gestation, labour and bringing. When combined with other intercessions including expression eating, a complete class of intervention can cut the hazard of transmittal to below 2 % . Even where resources are limited, a individual dosage of medical specialty given to fuss and pamper can cut the hazard in half. Testing is the first measure in forestalling HIV transmittal. Rapid HIV trial provide consequences in 15 proceedingss and supply information that allow preventive steps during childbearing such as cesarian subdivision and non interrupting the female parent ‘s H2O. However, supplying proving and drug intervention to everyone who needs it requires more clip and preparation than is presently available in most states. ( Avert ) Childs are being left as orphans because their parents are deceasing from AIDS. Even more astonishing is the fact that many of these kids will besides decease from AIDS. Often both of the parents are HIV positive in Africa. As a consequence, more kids have been orphaned by AIDS in Africa than anyplace else. As parents die and kids are sent to relations for attention and upbringing the family dissolves. AIDS strips households of their assets and income earners, doing the hapless poorer. ( Avert ) . Significant injury and adversity occur for kids affected by HIV and AIDS. The epidemic non merely causes kids to lose their parents but sometimes their childhood every bit good. As parents and household members become sick, kids take on more duty to gain an income, bring forth nutrient, and attention for household members. It is harder for these kids to entree equal nutrition, basic wellness attention, lodging and vesture. Fewer households have the money to direct their kids to school. As projections of the figure of AIDS orphans rise, there are treatments of an addition demand for institutional attention for kids. However this solution is non merely expensive but besides damaging to the kids. Institutionalisation shops up jobs for society, which is sick equipped to get by with an inflow of immature grownups who have non been socialised in the community in which they have to populate. In the last decennary, there has been a dramatic addition in the figure of immature kids who have died because of HIV/AIDS transmitted to them by their parents. The uneducated are four times more likely to believe that there is no manner to avoid AIDS and three times more likely to be incognizant that the virus can be transmitted from female parent to child. Hardest hit by HIV/AIDS is the on the job age population. The loss of these workers in bend affects Africa ‘s ability to react to the epidemic. AIDS claims the lives of instructors and contributes to serious instructor deficits in several African states. The instruction sector has been weakened through its impact on school attending and registration among kids affected by HIV/AIDS. Teacher shortages in African states have resulted as AIDS claims lives.Global AidFunding which is being provided is non plenty. â€Å" Experts topographic point the cost of incorporating the epidemic to be about $ 4 billion, † ( Cichocki, 2007 ) . There are four chief support watercourses: the US authorities initiated President ‘s Plan for Emergency AIDS Relief ( PEPFAR ) ; the United Nations bureau called the Global Fund to contend AIDS ; the private sector ; and domestic disbursement. The US provides about half of the support for the battle against AIDS through PEPFAR. But PEPFAR is under-funded, and it merely provides support to 12 states in Africa, go forthing three-fourthss of the continent out of the image. It is being revised t o extinguish the accent on sexual abstention and spread outing the usage of generic drugs. The Global Fund is criticized for taking excessively long for the money to make the people that need it. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation have provided the most significant of private contributions to the Global Fund.DecisionThere is an AIDS epidemic in Africa, specifically in the Sub-Saharan country and it is clearly non anyplace near to going under control. The chief ground seems to be that Africans are holding unprotected sex. Many people are non educated about the menace of AIDS so they have unprotected sex. It makes sense they do non believe AIDS exists and therefore, do non take steps to protect themselves from the disease. In add-on, the infirmaries are deficient and reuse acerate leafs and do non hold medical equipment to test blood for disease which consequences in septic blood transfusions. The epidemic can be helped if people receive instruction and medical intervention. Drugs demand to be available for everyone who has AIDS. The support to assist is going more focussed on what needs to be done so that AIDS can shortly be brought under control. The people need to be better educated about AIDS and what it can make to them. An full coevals is being devastated by the depredations of this disease.

Hrm – Motivation and Performance

2. Why is human resource management in general and employee motivation in particular, critical to performance yet challenging for managers? How can managers ensure that they encourage a motivated workforce? Using articles from literature and practical examples develop comprehensive answers to these questions. In today’s corporate environment, there is little room for managers to become nonchalant about their critical role in an organisations growth and development. Human Resource Management (HRM) is an innovative concept that is being employed by businesses all over the world as a measure to remain competitive, or achieve greater competitive advantage, in their respective industries. This essay will discuss what HRM is generally thought to be and involve, and why it is so essential at this point in time for organisations to adopt as an essential part of their business strategy. Employee motivation is a critical aspect of HRM as it relates to employee performance and therefore overall organisational performance. The hardships faced by managers when trying to implement strategies for employee motivation will be observed, as will the strengths and weaknesses of some possible approaches to obtaining and maintaining a motivated workforce. The Importance of HRM. Many organisations have observed the growing need to implement good HRM practices that are continually updated and improved. Broadly defined, â€Å"HRM refers to activities undertaken to attract, develop and maintain an effective workforce within an organisation† (Samson & Daft, 2005). When we break down this definition into its key elements, it can be seen that HRM is extremely complex and involves many dimensions including, but not limited to, competitive pressure, changing social contract, the labour market, new ways of working and stakeholder engagement (Barsky, 2006, Lecture 7). These elements all play a major role in determining how effective an organisation is in its respective field and how it reacts to changes in its competitive environment. Kramer, McGraw and Schuler (1997) assert that in more recent times, competitive advantage is obtained by how an organisation manages its human esources (HR) as opposed to its management of information technology or ‘strategic positioning’. The Australian Federal Police (AFP) are a prime example of an organisation who have been able to effectively integrate positive HRM practices in order to work towards an organisational goal of having a safer country by reducing heroin intake to the point of a ‘drau ght’, as well as obtaining a high rate of employee satisfaction (91%) recorded in 2003 (Way, 2004). It is organisations who strive to give their employees opportunities to further develop and add to their skills base that are seen as advantageous leaders throughout the economy. Further research has shown that â€Å"effective HRM has a positive impact on organisational performance, including higher employee productivity and stronger financial performance. † (Delaney & Huselid, 1996). Ultimately, by managing HR effectively, employers are able to ensure that employees are reasonably satisfied with their job and will in turn strive to achieve their best for their respective employer. Employee motivation in relation to HRM. Behaviour of any kind is often motivated by some force, be it internal or external. Motivation provokes â€Å"enthusiasm and persistence to pursue a certain course of action† (Samson & Daft, 2005), and is a key aspect of a managers role in ensuring that their workforce continue to do their assigned jobs well and productively. Barsky (2006) emphasises the concept that motivation involves a few key aspects. Individual needs create a desire to realize these needs, behaviour is characterised by such needs, and rewards ultimately gratify individuals. Finally, feedback is used to determine if the actions undertaken to satisfy particular needs were appropriate and can be employed again at another time. Because motivation in the workforce involves employees, it can be directly linked with HRM. Such linkage suggests that all managers, particularly HRM managers, play a vital role in ensuring that their workforce remains motivated. There are several approaches to managing motivation. Samson & Daft focus in particular on four agreed approaches including the traditional, human relations, human resource and contemporary approaches. Traditionally, money was seen as a great form of motivation, whereby workers were paid based on he â€Å"quality and quantity of their work outputs† (Samson & Daft, 2005). The human relations approach regards social factors as more important than monetary values, while human resources is an extension of this approach stating that employees themselves are of great importance to an organisation and can make valued contributions towards performance. More recently, the contemporary approach is divided into content, process and reinforcement theories and tend s to cover all of the above aspects of motivation in greater depth with even more emphasis on employee contribution. If employees are not motivated to perform for their respective employees, an organisation can suffer from poor productivity and an overall despondent atmosphere. ‘Sandstrom Products’, a paints and coatings manufacturer, were faced with such a problem when employees began to feel as if they had little or no say or control within the organisation. Leo Henkelman had started out in the lowest job in the plant but had gradually worked his way up to a higher, more respected position of mill operator. However, when he made suggestions for improvement, his ideas were met with little enthusiasm from higher management. He was no longer motivated to perform productively for Sandstrom and became disinterested in his work, as did many other of the companies employees. Needless to say, productivity and profits declined and Sandstrom were forced to change their managerial processes to allow for a more open, trustworthy relationship between employee and employer. Such a change gave Henkelman the respect he craved and now says â€Å"that it would be difficult to work for another employer† (Whitford, 1995). Challenges of employee motivation for managers. Perhaps one of the most difficult challenges a manager can face when motivating employees is the reality that â€Å"people differ not only in their ability to do but also their ‘will to do’† (Hersey & Blanchard, 1977). It is not easy to define exactly what will motivate different people to do certain jobs, for example some people are motivated by money, power, recognition or other incentives such as extra holidays or sick-leave, whilst others are motivated by a more socially responsible need to help others. It is up to management to determine what those motivations might be for the people they have hired and how they might fairly and adequately utilise them in order to gain trust, reliability and increased productivity from their employees. The main idea is that â€Å"organisations offer ‘inducements’ and employees offer ‘contributions’† (March & Simon, 1958). So by offering employees something that they want or need, employers expect to receive positive inputs from their employees. It is in determining what ‘inducements’ to offer that can ‘make or break’ an organisation. Many organisations are faced at some point in time, with the challenge of changing existing processes and procedures because they are no longer working as effectively as they should. When trying to increase motivation, there are many factors that need to be taken into consideration. Organisational goals are the foundation on which such changes should occur; however a careful look at an organisations HR and motivators is perhaps secondary to this function. Steve and Dianne Warren, co-owners of Katzinger’s Delicatessen, tried to implement a change to open-book management involving sharing financial rewards with employees if performance improved. However, the fact that many of their employees were young and not committed to a long-term career with Katzinger meant that they believed they could do little to change productivity in the short-term. Thus, motivation was low because the Warrens had not clearly looked at their HR to see what their wants and needs were (Hofman, 1998). Ensuring a motivated workforce. There is no set way to ensure that an organisation will have and be able to maintain a motivated and effective workforce. There are however models for prescribing what peoples needs generally are such as physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem and self-actualisation (Samson & Daft, 2005). Abraham Maslow (Wallace & Szilagyi, 1982) placed the above needs in a hierarchical structure with physiological needs at the bottom followed respectively by the four other prescribed needs. It is generally recognised that lower-level needs should be satisfied before higher-order needs. When basic needs are fulfilled, other needs emerge and tend to change the motivation and behaviour of an individual. As we reach the higher-level needs we tend to see a vast difference in a persons motivation to work and achieve well. Physiological needs are perhaps the simplest needs to provide for, as this is directly related to monetary units, or how much a person is paid for their work. As we move higher however, it becomes more difficult for managers to pinpoint exactly what to provide for employees in order to satisfy higher-level needs. For many people there may be a slight skew as to the order of their needs based on personality or the particular field of work they are in. Fortune (1985) discusses several business men and women who are typically motivated by differing desires such as listening to client needs, monetary rewards in the form of commissions, the idea that they are ‘helping’ others, or the need to learn from a current situation that is not particularly idyllic. A good manager needs to be able to tap into such motivators and apply them to their respective workforce. CEO Rob Rodin of Marhsall Industries was highly criticised by colleagues and friends when deciding to remove a commissions based pay program for his electronic distributions company in 1992. Instead, he introduced profit sharing whereby everyone’s salary was the same percentage based on company performance. Rodin says that â€Å"productivity per person has almost tripled, and the system is more right today than it was six years ago. People no longer mask real results by shipping early in order to meet quotas or rearranging costs from quarter to quarter so as to make budget. He also believes trust has developed immensely because everyone is there to help each other, not make a large profit for themselves (Colvin, 1998). Rodin carefully looked at his company and was able to see that there was no sense of teamwork or responsibility within Marshall Industries, and that by pro viding the opportunity of profit sharing he was able to promote a sense of equity and fairness within the organisation. Ultimately, a company’s capability in recruiting, training and keeping top-quality employees is a complex process that involves much analysis and continual assessment. HRM is the field from which motivation stems and relates to any aspect involving people within a workforce, and a motivated workforce is a key strategy in obtaining and keeping elite employees. Motivation must therefore be viewed as highly important by any organisation that wishes to keep productivity high and maintain a strong position in the economy now, and in the future. References: Barsky, A. , (2006). Managing People and Organisations, Lecture 7, The University ofMelbourne. Colvin, G. (Aug 1998). What Money Makes You Do. Fortune. Vol. 138, Iss. 4; p213. Delaney, J. T. , Huselid, M. A. (1996). The Impact of Human Resource Management Practices on Perceptions of Organisational Performance, Academy of Management Journal. Hersey, P. , Blanchard, K. H. (1977). Management of Organisational Behaviour: UtilisingHuman Resources, 3rd ed. , Prentice-Hall. Hofman, M. (1998, July). Everyone’s a Cost Cutter. Inc. , p116. Kramer, R. , McGraw, P. , Schuler, R. S. (1997). Human Resource Management inAustralia, 3rd ed. , Longman. March, J. G. , Simon, H. A. (1958). Organisations. New York: Wiley. Samson, D. , Daft R. L. (2005). Management, 2nd ed. , Thomson. Wallace, M. J. , Szilagyi, A. D. (1982). Managing Behaviour in Organisations, Scott,Foresman and Company. Way, N. , (2004, 2-8 September). Feds Democratic Revolution, Business Review Weekly. Whitford, D. (1995, June). Before & After. Inc. , pp. 44–50.

Groundwater Pollution in Bangladesh Essays

Groundwater Pollution in Bangladesh Essays Groundwater Pollution in Bangladesh Paper Groundwater Pollution in Bangladesh Paper 900 parcels of land each year. Contamination can occur from improper land-disposal techniques. Storage and Handling of Materials and Wastes Groundwater contamination as the result of storage and handling of materials includes leaks from both above-ground and underground storage tanks, as well as unintentional spills or poor housekeeping practices in the handling and transferring of materials on industrial and commercial sites. Aging underground Storage Tanks Possibly as many as 7 million steel tanks are used to store petroleum products, acids, chemicals, industrial solvents and other types of waste underground. The potential of these tanks to leak increases with age. About 20 percent of existing steel tanks are more than 16 years old, and estimates f the total number that presently leak petroleum products range from 25 to 30 percent. Underground storage tanks appear to be a leading source of benzene, toluene and Selene contami nants, all of which are organic compounds in diesel and gasoline fuels. Transporting and Stockpiling Many materials and wastes are transported and then temporarily stored in stockpiles before being used or shipped elsewhere. Precipitation can lea potential contaminants from such stockpile; storage containers can eroded and leak; and accidental spills mean occur as many as 10,000 to 16,000 per year, according to EPA estimates. Mining Practices Mining of coal, uranium and other substances and the related mine spoil can lead to groundwater contamination in several ways: * Shafts and tunnels can intersect aquifers. * Exposing coal to oxygen can form sulfuric acid, which can degrade water * Contaminants from tailings can leach into groundwater. Oil-Well quality. Bribes Since the asses, hundreds of thousands of exploratory and production wells have been drilled for oil and gas in the United States. During production, Oil wells produce bribes that are separated from the oil and stored in surface impoundments. EPA estimates that 1 25, 100 brine-disposal impoundments exist that might affect local groundwater supplies. Agricultural Activities Agriculture is one of the most widespread human activities that affects the quality of groundwater. In 1987, about 330 million acres were used for growing crops in the united States, of which 45 million acres were irrigated. Fertilizers During the 1 9605 and asses, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer use steadily increased to a peak of 23 million tons in 1981. By 1987, however, fertilizer use had declined to 19. Million tons, reflecting the large number of acres withdrawn from production as part of the Conservation Reserve Program and other government programs. If nitrogen supply exceeds nitrogen uptake by crops, excess nitrogen mean be leached to groundwater. In such areas, local nitrate-nitrogen concentrations may exceed the federa l drinking water standard of 10 MGM/L Pesticides Pesticides have been used since the asses to combat a variety of agricultural pests. Between 1 964 and 1 982, the amount of active ingredients applied to croplands increased 1 70 percent. Herbicide usage peaked in 1982, and since then has declined from about 500 million pounds of active ingredients per year to about 430 million pounds in 1987. In addition to crop applications, infiltration of spilled pesticides can cause contamination in locations where pesticides are stored, and where sprayers and other equipment used to apply pesticides are loaded and washed. Pesticides most frequently detected in groundwater are the fumigants ethylene debrief (DB) and 1 disproportional; the insecticides Aldrich, carbons and chlordane; and the herbicides alcohol and trainee. Feedlots Feedlots confine livestock and poultry and create problems of animal-waste disposal. Feedlot wastes often are collected in impoundments from which they might infiltrate to groundwater and raise nitrate concentrations. Runoff room farmyards may also directly enter an aquifer along the outside of a poorly sealed well easing. Irrigation Percolation of irrigation water into soils dissolves soil salts and transports them downward. Photoengravings of applied water from the root zone concentrates salts in the soil and increases the salt load to the groundwater. Checkmating, the practice of mixing and distributing pesticides and fertilizers with irrigation water, may cause contamination if more chemicals are applied than crops can use. It may also cause local contamination if chemicals back- siphon from the holding tank directly into the aquifer through an irrigation ell. Saline Water Intrusion The encroachment of saline water into the freshwater part of an aquifer is an ever-present threat when water supplies are developed from the highly productive coastal plain aquifers of the United States, or from aquifers underlain by saline water in the interior of the country. Local incidents Of saline water intrusion have occurred on all coasts of the United States. How Extensive is Groundwater Contamination Assessment of the extent of groundwater contamination is difficult, due to such factors as limited and inconsistent access to the water (usually pendent on wells and springs); the potential for bias in existing data (if originally collected to explore a particular water quality problem); incomplete information about the well (did the well draw from more than one aquifer? ; and inconsistent methods of sampling and analysis. It is also important to keep in mind that the trend of increasing reports of detections of contaminants in groundwater is largely due to the intensive search for contaminants now under way by many state agencies, as well as continued improvements in the sensitivity of analytical methods used to measure the concentration Of contaminants. The volume Of groundwater within 2500 feet of the surface has been estimated at 100 quadrillion gallons, or about 16 times the volume of the Great Lakes. Of this amount, at least half is too saline from natural causes to use for drinking water, although some of it may be suitable for other uses. The total amount of the remaining groundwater that is contaminated is unknown, although EPA estimates the amount contaminated by point sources to be 2-3 percent. Recent U. S. Geological Sunny studies have made the following assessments: * The United States has large amounts of potable water available for use. Locally, however, high concentrations of a variety of toxic metals, organic chemicals and petroleum products form plumes around such point sources as leaking underground storage tanks, waste disposal sites and chemical or waste handling areas. These types of problems generally occur in urban or industrialized areas, although they are found occasionally in rural areas. Large regions have been identified in which contaminants, derived from Nippon sources and often at minimum detectable levels, are present in many shallow wells throughout a given area. In a small percentage of wells, such contaminants as titrate may exceed drinking water standards or health advisories. Generally, s uch Nippon source contamination is associated with densely populated urban areas, agricultural land uses and concentrations of septic systems. Furthermore, such contamination commonly affects only the shallowest aquifers. * 20 percent of 124,000 wells sampled over the past 25 years contained a maximum nitrate-nitrogen concentration greater than 3 MGM/L, suggesting the effects of human activities. 6 percent of the samples exceeded the federal drinking water standard for nitrate-nitrogen of 10 MGM/L. Although 44 state summaries in the U. S. Geological Surreys 1 986 National Water Summary on groundwater quality mention detection of pesticides in groundwater, data are insufficient to draw conclusions about the extent of contamination. The state summaries do, however, express widespread concern that the frequency of detections and the concentrations of pesticides will increase over time. The U. S. EPA has compiled reports on the occurrence of 46 pesticides in groundwater. In 26 states, o ne or more pesticides have been tweeted in groundwater that mean be attributed to normal agricultural use. The most commonly detected pesticides are trainee and Aldrich. EPA currently is conducting its National Pesticide Survey to provide a nationwide estimate of the occurrence of pesticides in drinking water wells. The survey includes the collection of water samples from a statistically representative sample of community water system wells (600) and private wells (750). Interim results show that 6 of 180 community well samples collected thus far and 9 of 115 private well samples had detectable pesticide residues. Of the 15 wells that had detectable levels of pesticides,3 had concentrations that exceeded lifetime health advisory levels established by EPA. Of 295 wells ample thus far, samples from 8 wells had nitrate-nitrogen concentrations that exceeded the 10 MGM/L drinking water standard. All 8 samples were from private wells. Statistically reliable estimates of the percentage of wells contaminated will be available when the survey results are released in late 1990. Summary: How Contaminated is Groundwater? Although little systematic information exists on the extent and severity of groundwater contamination, available evidence suggests that * The shallowest aquifers generally are at greatest risk of contamination, especially those where the overlying unsaturated zone is thin and permeable. Contamination of shallow aquifers by nitrates and synthetic organic chemicals is widespread in many areas; * Shallow groundwater contamination can be related to land use. * As yet, deeper as fifers, which commonly are used for public drinking water supplies, are relatively free from contamination. Additional reports of groundwater contamination may be expected in the coming years, as federal, state and local agencies expand their groundwater quality monitoring programs using sophisticated analytical methods that can measure very small concentrations of contaminants. Groundwater moves very slowly, and it may be years after remedial actions re taken before improvements in water quality are obsessed. For this reason, the enhancement of the quality of the nation s groundwater requires a long- term commitment. More definitive assessments of groundwater quality will have to await the expansion of data-collection programs, the use of standard sampling and analytical procedures, research on the health risks associated with long-term exposure to very small concentrations of contaminants, and improvements in the computer models used to predict contaminant behavior.

How is Antiretroviral Drug Resistance in Adult HIV-1 Infection tested Assignment

How is Antiretroviral Drug Resistance in Adult HIV-1 Infection tested - Assignment Example The purpose of this research is to find out how the Antiretroviral Drug Resistance in Adult HIV-1 Infection tested and the best way to combat opportunistic diseases before they fully engulf the human body system.  The purpose of this research is to find out how the Antiretroviral Drug Resistance in Adult HIV-1 Infection tested and the best way to combat opportunistic diseases before they fully engulf the human body system.  The outcome is meant to have a positive impact on the future development of a cure drug. The drug is, however, will be expensive due to the extensive research cost incurred.   The evidence of a high number of deaths due to HIV-1 infection after a short period of time, regardless of being under antiretroviral drugs in various countries of the world. Many scholars need to develop approaches to test other emerging threats like Ebola.The research question is beneficial to a wide range of people. Most people, regardless of their profession understand the threat p osed by the HIV-1 infectious ailment. They, therefore, need to understand how the current Antiretroviral Drugs cannot make the life of an infected individual bearable and prolonged. The most people to benefit from this research are new medical research officers. These people have a mandate to ensure all possibilities are exploited and a better cure is found. As Biblically, God does not give the man any test they cannot handle. Every faith testing God keeps in the place He offers a response with a few steps of struggle.

BMW i Marketing Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

BMW i Marketing Analysis - Essay Example It tends to focus upon zero emission and is presently working on a hydrogen hybrid drivetrain. It can be noted that most of the success of the BMW is derived from the entrepreneurial culture. BMW follows informal organisational culture which assists the employees in freely articulating the ideas and thereby assisting in innovation (BMW, 2012). The main objective of the company is to remain as one of the world’s primary providers of premium products as well as services for mobility of an individual. Collaborators BMW has been capable of maintaining good relation with its suppliers so that the goods can be delivered on time to the customers. The company mandates its suppliers to maintain the enhanced environmental as well as social standards that have been set by the BMW Group (BMW Education, 2010). It is because of this reason that the company makes use of the sustainability criteria in the optimum selection of its vendors and exaggerated supervision of its prevailing suppliers . It tends to train its suppliers in advance so that the company can guarantee accurate quality requirements as well as standards that have been set by the company right from the initiation of the production (The Economist, 2011). It has been found that in 2011, the UK car market was high by approximately 30% on a year-to-year basis which exceeded the expectation of the companies. In January, 2011, it was found that the car market rose by almost 29.8% thereby reaching 145479 units. It has been found that in the year 2011, an increase occurred of 8.78 percent in sales that rose from 153312 to 166780 vehicles in comparison to the year 2010, and against the market that sought decline in the sales by four percent (Boeriu, 2012). It has been evident that BMW makes use of three steps for the purpose of targeting such as market segmentation, target choices and product positioning. The company looks at behavioural, geographic, socioeconomic, beneficial and demographic features of the societ y that assist them in targeting the market effectively (Pearson, 2012). The company derives 65% of its sales from Europe as well as North America. These regions are industrialised locations with residents having sound financial position to purchase upper market cars since their per capita income is high. The demographics of the people capable of purchasing BMW are men and women who are aged 30-50 years old. Prior to purchasing BMW, people possess favourable image in their mind. They prefer cars that look sporty and modern. The benefits sought by these people are reliability, superiority, quality and performance (Slideshare, 2012). Competitor Analysis It has been found that the company faces direct competition for its each series ranges. The main competitors of the company are Mercedes, Audi, Volkswagen, Ford, Range Rover and Porsche among others. Among them, Ford Motor Company is found to be the main competitor of BMW, taking away high share of the automotive market. It has been obs erved that the overall balance sheet value of Ford Motor Company tends to surpass 7 times ‘correspondent value’ of BMW Group (BMW Limited, 2011). Climate In the present times, the political